PHP Operators: Comprehensive Guide to PHP Arithmetic, Comparison & Logical Operators

Operator	Description	Example	Result
+	Addition	5 + 2	7
-	Subtraction	5 - 2	3
*	Multiplication	5 * 2	10
/	Division	5 / 2	2.5
%	Modulus (Remainder)	5 % 2	1
**	Exponentiation	5 ** 2	25
++	Increment	let a = 1; a++	2
--	Decrement	let a = 1; a--	0

Example

<?php

$a = 5;

$b = 2;

echo "Addition: " . ($a + $b) . " ";

echo "Subtraction: " . ($a - $b) . " ";

echo "Multiplication: " . ($a * $b) . " ";

echo "Division: " . ($a / $b) . " ";

echo "Remainder: " . ($a % $b) . " ";

echo "Exponentiation: " . ($a ** $b) . " ";

echo "Increment: " . ($a++) . " ";

echo "Decrement: " . ($a--) . " ";

Assignment Operators:

Used to assign values to variables.

Operator	Description	Example	Equivalent To
=	Assign	a = 5	-----
+=	Add and Assign	a += 2	a = a + 2
-=	Subtract and Assign	a -= 2	a = a - 2
*=	Multiply and Assign	a *= 2	a = a * 2
/=	Divide and Assign	a /= 2	a = a / 2
%=	Modulus and Assign	a %= 2	a = a % 2
**=	Exponentiate Assign	`a **= 2`	a = a ** 2

Example

<?php

$a = 5;

echo("Assign: ".$a." ");

$a += 2;

echo("Add and Assign: ".$a." ");

$a -= 2;

echo("Subtract and Assign: ".$a." ");

$a *= 2;

echo("Multiply and Assign: ".$a." ");

$a /= 2;

echo("Divide and Assign: ".$a." ");

$a %= 2;

echo("Modulus and Assign: ".$a." ");

$a **= 2;

echo("Exponentiate Assign: ".$a." ");

Try it yourself

Comparison Operators:

Used to compare two values.

Operator	Description	Example	Result
==	Equal to	5 == "5"	true
===	Strict Equal (type & value)	5 === "5"	false
!=	Not Equal	5 != "5"	false
!==	Strict Not Equal	5 !== "5"	true
>	Greater Than	5 > 2	true
<	Less Than	5 < 2	false
>=	Greater or Equal	5 >= 5	true
<=	Less or Equal	5 <= 5	true

Example

<?php

echo("Equal to: ".(5 == "5")." ");

echo("Strict Equal (type & value): ".(5 === "5")." ");

echo("Not Equal: ".(5 != "5")." ");

echo("Strict Not Equal: ".(5 !== "5")." ");

echo("Greater Than: ".(5 > 2)." ");

echo("Less Than: ".(5 < 2)." ");

echo("Greater or Equal: ".(5 >= 5)." ");

echo("Less or Equal: ".(5 <= 5)." ");

Try it yourself

Logical Operators:

Used to combine or invert Boolean values.

Operator	Description	Example	Result
&&	AND	true && false	false
\|\|	OR	true \|\| false	true
!	NOT	!true	false

Example

<?php

$a = true;

$b = false;

$c = true;

if ($a && !$b || $c) {

echo "Condition met"; // Output: Condition met

}

Try it yourself

Bitwise Operators:

Operate on binary numbers.

Operator	Description	Example	Result
&	AND	5 & 1	1
\|	OR	5 \| 1	5
^	XOR	5 ^ 1	4
~	NOT	~5	-6
<<	Left Shift	5 << 1	10
>>	Right Shift	5 >> 1	2

Example

<?php

// AND operator

echo("AND: ". (5 & 1)." ");

// OR operator

echo("OR: ".(5 | 1)." ");

// XOR operator

echo("XOR: ".(5 ^ 1)." ");

// NOT operator

echo("NOT: ".(~5)." ");

// Left Shift operator

echo("Left Shift: ".(5 << 1)." ");

// Right Shift operator

echo("Right Shift: ".(5 >> 1)." ");

Try it yourself

String Operators:

Used to concatenate strings.

Operator	Description	Example	Result
.	Concatenation	"Hello " . "World!"	Hello World!
.=	Concatenation assignment	$str = "Hello"; $str .= "World!"	Hello World!

Example

<?php

$str = "Hello";

$str .= " World!";

echo $str; // Hello World!

echo "Hello"."World!"; // Hello World!

Try it yourself

Ternary Operator:

A shorthand for if-else.

Example

<?php

$age = 18;

$status = ($age >= 18) ? "Adult" : "Minor";

echo $status; // Adult

Try it yourself

Nullish Coalescing Operator (`??`)

Returns the right-hand value if the left-hand value is null or undefined.

Example

<?php

$name = $_GET['name'] ?? "Guest";

echo $name; // If 'name' is not set, outputs "Guest"

Try it yourself

Spaceship Operator (`<=>`)

Access nested object properties safely.

Compares two values and returns:

-1 if left is smaller
0 if they are equal
1 if left is greater

Example

<?php

echo 10 <=> 20; // -1

echo 10 <=> 10; // 0

echo 20 <=> 10; // 1

Try it yourself

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operators:

Arithmetic Operators:

Operator

Description

Example

Result

Assignment Operators:

Operator

Description

Example

Equivalent To

Comparison Operators:

Operator

Description

Example

Result

Logical Operators:

Operator

Description

Example

Result

Bitwise Operators:

Operator

Description

Example

Result

String Operators:

Operator

Description

Example

Result

Ternary Operator:

Nullish Coalescing Operator (??)

Spaceship Operator (<=>)

Nullish Coalescing Operator (`??`)

Spaceship Operator (`<=>`)